Large quantities of relatively strong tinplate are now manufactured world-wide by the technique of double reduction. Thinner yet stronger tinplate can be produced, which allows for more efficient materials utilisation in can making. After an initial cold rolling and annealing, instead of temper rolling, the steel is given a second cold reduction, with lubrication, of about 10-50%. The work hardening effect gives the steel additional strength, whilst the strip retains sufficient ductility for it to be formed into can ends and bodies. Final thickness can be as low as 0.12mm, the typical range being 0.14 – 0.24mm. A two-stand or three-stand mill may be used for double reduction. Some companies operate a dual purpose mill which can produce double-reduced material and operate as a conventional temper mill.